Colorectal Cancer: Open Access

Introduction

Even though human condensins play many important roles in mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation, the roles of human condensins in colorectal cancer are currently unknown. Abnormal expressions of all eight subunits of human condensins have recently been discovered in colorectal cancer, and they are expected to become potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the future. However, there have been no reviews on the relationship between abnormal expression of human condensin subunits and colorectal cancer up to this point. The review summarised all abnormally expressed human subunits found in colorectal cancer based on publicly published papers, after a brief introduction to the discovery and composition of human condensins. Furthermore, the application of abnormally expressed human subunits in colorectal cancer is being considered.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is now the second leading cause of cancer mortality and the third most common cancer diagnosed worldwide (Bray et al., 2018). With China's rapid economic development, life expectancy correlated positively with the incidence and mortality of CRC in both men and women (Gu et al., 2018). Despite the fact that there is a clear treatment method for early colorectal cancer with general surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, many colorectal cancer patients are in the late stage when they were first identified due to a lack of effective biomarkers in early colorectal cancer screening, and they are difficult to cure. As a result, it is critical to expand research into the molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer and develop effective biomarkers.

Human Condensins and Their Discovery and Synthesis

Human condensin I was first purified in 2001 based on a study of the human ortholog of frog condensin from HeLa nuclear extracts Hirano and Mitchison, 1994; Schmiesing et al., 2000; Kimura et al., 2001. Ono et al. 2003 discovered another condensin complex in HeLa nuclear extracts in 2003, and the two types of condensins in human cells are known as condensin I and condensin II, respectively Human condensins are made up of five evolutionarily conserved subunits. SMC2 (also known as human chromosome associate polypeptide E, hCAP-E) and SMC4 (hCAP-C) are heterodimers that are shared by both types of human condesins.

Genetic prevention and detection

The genetic basis in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention, early detection, and effective treatment has become critical to the mission of disease prevention, early detection, and effective treatment. CRC genetics has evolved from an unrecognised to a specialised field encompassing all aspects of cancer care over the last century. CRC is a disease that can be avoided. The natural history of CRC differs in individuals with a hereditary predisposition, with a shorter length of tumorigenesis and a tendency to present at a younger age. Cancer risk assessment (CRA) and presymptomatic genetic testing are combined to produce effective stratification. Identification of high-risk individuals/ families leads to more targeted screening, prophylactic surgery options for primary prevention, and knowledge of potential associated cancers. Furthermore, because most CRC syndromes are inherited autosomally, half of a family cohort will be affected.

The process of assisting people in understanding and adapting to the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease is known as genetic counselling. This process combines the interpretation of family and medical histories to determine the likelihood of disease occurrence or recurrence; and (II) education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources and research, and counselling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.

Acknowledgements

The author is thankful to the people who supported and participated in this research. as well as the research and development team for their invaluable support during the study.

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict disclosed in this article.